@article {4666,
	title = {The risk of COVID-19 death is much greater and age-dependent with type I IFN autoantibodies},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A},
	year = {2022},
	abstract = {SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality rate (IFR) doubles with every five years of age from childhood onward. Circulating autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α, IFN-ω, and/or IFN-β are found in ~20\% of deceased patients across age groups. In the general population, they are found in ~1 \% of individuals aged 20{\textendash}70 years and in \&gt;4\% of those \&gt;70 years old. With a sample of 1,261 deceased patients and 34,159 uninfected individuals, we estimated both IFR and relative risk of death (RRD) across age groups for individuals carrying autoantibodies neutralizing type I IFNs, relative to non-carriers. For autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α2 or IFN-ω, the RRD was 17.0[95\% CI:11.7{\textendash}24.7] for individuals under 70 years old and 5.8[4.5{\textendash}7.4] for individuals aged 70 and over, whereas, for autoantibodies neutralizing both molecules, the RRD was 188.3[44.8{\textendash}774.4] and 7.2[5.0{\textendash}10.3], respectively. IFRs increased with age, from 0.17\%[0.12{\textendash}0.31] for individuals \&lt;40 years old to 26.7\%[20.3{\textendash}35.2] for those >=80 years old for autoantibodies neutralizing IFN-α2 or IFN-ω, and from 0.84\%[0.31{\textendash}8.28] to 40.5\%[27.82{\textendash}61.20] for the same two age groups, for autoantibodies neutralizing both molecules. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs increase IFRs, and are associated with high RRDs, particularly those neutralizing both IFN-α2 and -ω. Remarkably, IFR increases with age, whereas RRD decreases with age. Autoimmunity to type I IFNs appears to be second only to age among common predictors of COVID-19 death.},
	url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8764723/},
	author = {Jeremy Manry, Paul Bastard, Adrian Gervais, Tom Le Voyer, J{\'e}r{\'e}mie Rosain, Quentin Philippot, Eleftherios Michailidis, Hans-Heinr}
}
