@article {5508,
	title = {Preparation of electrochromic thin films by transformation of manganese (II) carbonate},
	journal = {Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids},
	volume = {74},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {1433-1438},
	abstract = {A new chemical bath method for deposition of manganese(II) carbonate\&nbsp;thin film\&nbsp;on electroconductive\&nbsp;FTO glass\&nbsp;substrates is designed. The homogeneous thin films with thickness in the range of 70 to 500\&nbsp;nm are deposited at about 98\&nbsp;{\textdegree}C from aqueous solution containing urea and MnCl2. The chemical process is based on a low temperature hydrolysis of the manganese complexes with urea. Three types of films are under consideration: as-deposited, annealed and electrochemically transformed thin films. The structure of the films is studied by\&nbsp;XRD, IR and\&nbsp;Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical and\&nbsp;optical properties\&nbsp;are examined in eight different electrolytes (neutral and alkaline) and the best results are achieved in two component aqueous solution of 0.1\&nbsp;M KNO3\&nbsp;and 0.01\&nbsp;M KOH. It is established that the as-deposited MnCO3film undergoes electrochemically transformation into birnessite-type manganese(IV)\&nbsp;oxide films, which exhibit\&nbsp;electrochromic\&nbsp;color changes (from bright brown to pale yellow and vice versa) with 30\% difference in the\&nbsp;transmittance\&nbsp;of the colored and bleached state at 400\&nbsp;nm.},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022369713001893},
	author = {Sasho Stojkovikj and Metodija Najdoski and Violeta Koleva and Sani Demiri}
}
