Introduction: When we start our work as medical professionals the most important was improving and understanding physical growth and nutrition. Today we know that as much important as good knowledge in physical examination is adequate assessment of personality and social development which is crucial for appropriate developmental assessment. In this context early identification of developmental delay is not just responsibility but either obligation of all health care professionals, especially pediatricians. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study is to analyze developmental monitoring based on parents informations in our hospital in order to find out which percentage of referred children has to be followed further and has to start with early intervention. Our approach to developmental monitoring is: we start the pediatric assessment by taking very careful history of child. Second step is very careful examination in order to find if the child has same kind of organ dysfunction. In second step crucial is neurological examination especially if we know that children with developmental disabilities have very high rate of seizure disorder, structural MRI abnormalities - especially frontal atrophy… Pediatrician has to be aware that observation of the parent-child interaction also, may be an aid in identifying children with delayed development. Methodology and Sample: The developmental monitoring in 465 children at the age of 12 - 60 months, referred as children with developmental delay according to primary care pediatricians, special educators or family members in the period of 4 years (from January 2016 until the end of 2019) was implemented. The assessment of the evaluated sample is done using CDC developmental milestone checklist (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) for specific ages -12 and 18 months and 2,3,4 and 5 years. To assess behavioral and emotional problems, physicians need information from family and people who see children in their everyday contexts. Results: The results were presented for each group separately. Conclusion: Research indicates that the first five years of a child’s life are critical to brain development, academic achievement and later life outcomes. The right developmental and behavioral assessment can change the trajectory of a child’s life forever.
Abstract
Rapid SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing compared with RT-qPCR in patients suspected for COVID-19
Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic threatens global human health. Reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reference test for identification of acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, but it is associated with results delay. There is a need of a fast and reliable tests which can improve the efforts of controlling the transmission of SARS-CoV-2.
Aim: This work aims to determine the analytical value of the rapid SARS-CoV-2 Ag-test in relation to the Ct values of the RT-qPCR.
Methods: Study group were outpatients suspected for COVID-19, sampled twice, first for the routine RT-qPCR, and second for SARS-CoV-2 antigen testing. The results obtained by the rapid antigen test (Panbio™ COVID-19) were evaluated in relation to the Ct values of the SARS-CoV-2 E-gene, obtained by RT-qPCR Allplex 19-nCoV multiplex assay platform.
Results: SARS-CoV-2 prevalence, based on RT-qPCR, was 50.8% (186/366). Specificity of the PanbioTM COVID-19 Ag Rapid Test was 100%. Test sensitivity was 73.8%. Restricting RT-qPCR to Ct-values < 30 increased test sensitivities to 91.2%.
Conclusion: The findings underscored the epidemiological value of the rapid Ag-test, since it reliably identifies contagious SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals who actively spread the virus in the community.
Serialization is driving operational value and is adding safety securing distribution chain against counterfeit and adulterated products. Developing countries are much more vulnerable to this worldwide problem. Readers will learn about regulatory requirements in the countries of interest: Macedonia, Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Albania and Kosovo. Readers will get in-depth look concerning safety & labelling and will be updated with the country specific environments, as well as with serialization main benefits and the future perspectives.
Во овој труд е презентиран нов, хемиски метод за визуелизација на латентни отпечатоци од прсти на површина од месинг од неиспукани куршуми. Методот е базиран на селективна хемиска депозиција на олово (II) сулфид во просторот помеѓу папиларните линии на површина. Постапката е едноставна и се состои од краткотрајно потопување на куршумите во раствор за визуелизација. Растворот за визуелизација на отпечатоците е приготвен со мешање на водни раствори од олово (II) ацетат, натриум хидроксид, триетанол амин и тиоуреа. Хемискиот процес се одвива во алкална средина и умерено загревање. Испитувањето на хемискиот состав на депонираниот материјал, беше извршено со прашкова рендгенска дифракција (XRPD). Дизајнирањето на овој метод беше спроведено со употреба на значителен број на примероци од неиспукани куршуми, при што беше испитувана и можноста за визуелизација на релативно стари отпечатоци. Притоа, успешно беа визуелизирани отпечатоци кои беа нанесени пред околу 2 години. Предложениот метод е релативно едноставен за изведување, што го прави потенцијално корисен при форензички испитувања.
Клучни зборови: латентни отпечатоци, олово (II) сулфид, неиспукани куршуми, форензичка хемија, хемиска депозиција
Со развојот на технологијата и масовната експанзија на социјалните мрежи восекојдневниот живот на луѓето денес, дојде до појава на сосема нова гранка во директниотмаркетинг, а тоа е инфлуенсерството. Инфлуенсер – маркетингот се појавува како нова и успешнаалатка за промовирање на прозводи, при што сè повеќе луѓе се појавуваат на социјалните мрежи.Со текот на годините, стапката на инфлуенсери во дигиталниот маркетинг сè повеќе се зголемува,при што се верува дека тие можат да влијаат врз одлуката на потрошувачите директно да ги купатпроизводите. Појавата на инфлуенсерството и нивниот ангажман е релативно ново, па оттукапрашањето за статусот на инфлуенсерите и нивната комерцијална активност во правниот системстанува прашање вредно за разгледување и регулација. Како заработуваат инфлуенсерите? Постоили регулација за нивните дејствија? Ограничени ли се нивните дејствија во интернет просторот?Каков е нивниот статус? Дали плаќаат даноци? Овие прашања заземаат централно значење воелаборацијата на овој текст. Имено, правните аспекти на овој нов вид на маркетинг задираатво повеќе сфери од македонскиот правен систем, притоа оставајќи широк простор за анализа,интерпретација и регулација. Овој текст има за цел да направи анализа на правните аспекти оддоговорите за соработка и маркетинг, дејствијата на т.н. инфлуенсери низ призмата на правото инивниот однос со правата и слободите на потрошувачите.
A new chemical method for visualization of latent fingermarks on unfired cartridge cases is reported in this research. The method is based on two-step immersion of the cartridge cases in aqueous solutions of sulfuric acid and acidified sodium thiosulfate at room temperature. The chemical reactions that are occurring on the cartridge case's surface are leading to deposition of material in the furrows between the papillary line ridges thus visualizing the latent fingermark. The qualitative chemical composition of the as-deposited material was studied using X-ray powder diffraction analysis thus revealing that it corresponds to a low-crystalline hexagonal chalcocite phase cuprous sulfide (Cu2S). The performance of the method was studied on fresh and aged fingermarks, and according to the results, it can visualize latent fingermarks that are up to 9 months old. The newly proposed method provides good performance considering the most important qualitative and quantitative parameters that describe each fingermark, that is, satisfactory contrast between the papillary line ridges and the background furrows, possibility of recognizing the pattern of each fingermark (arch, loop, and whorl), clarity and continuity of the friction ridges, and clarity of the second level characteristics and features. The proposed method is simple, fast, inexpensive, and reliable.
In the field of electrochemical reduction of CO2 (CO2ER) Cu and oxide derived OD-Cu electrocatalysts have been widely studied due to their unique capability to produce high added value products, such as CO, hydrocarbons and alcohols, albeit with relatively low selectivity.1 Cu-M bimetallic catalysts are a promising approach to break scaling relations among key intermediates and modulate the CO2ER selectivity. In the past 5 years, several studies on the CO2ER activity of Cu-Sn bimetallic catalysts have demonstrated remarkably high selectivities towards CO2,3 or formate.4,5In general, comparison of several studies employing various Cu-Sn stoichiometries shows that Sn-poor catalysts are typically selective towards CO production, while Sn-rich catalysts favor formate (HCOO⁻). However, the specific optimal compositions leading to high activity towards CO or formate vary significantly among reports. 6–8 Furthermore, the mechanistic origins of the selectivity differences among Cu-Sn catalysts remains a topic of debate.
Trends in product selectivity have been ascribed to aspects including composition, lattice effects,7charge redistribution among metals in alloy structures,9 oxidation states,4,8 and the resulting effects on adsorption strength of key intermediates (e.g. *COOH, *OCHO, *CO, *H) directing selectivity among H2, CO and HCOO⁻. A comparison of the relevant literature has allowed us to establish common trends in CO2ER activity of Cu-Sn of various morphologies, synthetic procedures and speciation (Oxide derived vs Alloy materials) and identify points of controversy and key open questions that might help unifying the understanding of the activation of CO2 on Cu-Sn bimetallics. At the center of the debate is the persistence of oxidized metal sites during CO2ER and the precise nature of the active site. A major challenge in this regard, is the complex dependence of catalyst structure and composition with applied electrochemical bias.
In this context, we explore X-ray spectroscopies as powerful tools to investigate the chemical environment and oxidation state of metal sites Sn and Cu in bimetallic electrocatalysts. By correlating diverse X-ray spectroscopy methods (soft and hard X-ray absorption (XAS) techniques, as well as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)), complementary information can be obtained on the chemical environment of metal sites in an electrocatalyst bulk and surface. We report our study on the dependence of structure and composition on applied electrochemical potential in Sn-functionalized Cu catalysts, achieved by combining in situ hard XAS, ex situ soft-XAS and XPS toward building a more complete picture of this model catalyst system.
Covellite-phase CuS and carrollite-phase CuCo2S4 nano- and microstructures were synthesized from tetrachloridometallate-based ionic liquid precursors using a novel, facile, and highly controllable hot-injection synthesis strategy. The synthesis parameters including reaction time and temperature were first optimized to produce CuS with a well-controlled and unique morphology, providing the best electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In an extension to this approach, the electrocatalytic activity was further improved by incorporating Co into the CuS synthesis method to yield CuCo2S4microflowers. Both routes provide high microflower yields of >80 wt %. The CuCo2S4 microflowers exhibit a superior performance for the OER in alkaline medium compared to CuS. This is demonstrated by a lower onset potential (∼1.45 V vs RHE @10 mA/cm2), better durability, and higher turnover frequencies compared to bare CuS flowers or commercial Pt/C and IrO2 electrodes. Likely, this effect is associated with the presence of Co3+ sites on which a better adsorption of reactive species formed during the OER (e.g., OH, O, OOH, etc.) can be achieved, thus reducing the OER charge-transfer resistance, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements.
A general framework for safety assessment is proposed by the EFSAs Scientific Committee, in which botanicals or botanical preparations for which an adequate body of knowledge exists could benefit from a “presumption of safety” without any need for further testing, based on long history of use without reported adverse effects and without significant larger exposition. Botanicals and botanical preparations for which a presumption of safety is not possible based on available knowledge would be subject to a more extensive safety assessment, requiring additional data to be provided. For these preparations with a potential to contain toxic, addictive, psychotropic or other substances that may be of concern (given in the Compendium), presumption of safety can be applied only if there is convincing evidence that these undesirable substances in the specific plant parts or preparations are either absent in the source material, or significantly reduced if not excluded, or inactivated during processing (EFSA Journal, 2009).
For achieving the good health and wellbeing for all children, the main role of pediatrician and other health care professionals is to follow their development. We implemented developmental monitoring for 465 children at the age of 12 - 60 months, in the period of 4 years (2016 - 2019), using standard algorithm in which start is always with child history. It should be comprehensive, and must include a detailed prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal history. Obtained results showed that 16.13% of participants have some serious illness in family history, and the same percentage (16.13%) manifested serious perinatal problems which imposed the support in intensive care unit. Breastfeed are 49,46 % of children. Only 7,53 % are not completely vaccinated. About the parameters for the development, we obtained that 11,83 % were not walking at the time of the assessment, and 65,81 % were not speaking. Toilet control was negative, and in 75,27 % they still were wearing diapers. Allergic manifestations at the time when the assessment was done is present in 8,60%. Finally, serious illness in child past history was positive in 19.35 % of evaluated sample. We concluded that a good history is needed and indispensable in the assessment process, particularly when exogenous causes are identified as the risk for the developmental delay. Obtained positive answers are directory for further investigation as well to correlate risk-consequences relationship.
A new chemical method for visualization of latent fingermarks on thermal paper, based on a treatment with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas, is presented in this work. The gas is generated by a reaction between zinc and diluted nitric acid in a closed chamber. This newly proposed method does not require fingermark’s fixation reagent after the treatment with NO2 i.e. the visualized fingermark remains permanent for more than one week and without any changes in its quality. The general visualization mechanism is based on providing acidic conditions in order to induce tautomeric transformation of the leuco dye’s molecules in the thermal layer, accompanied by a color change of the papillary lines throughout the whole fingermark. The NO2 method provides satisfactory contrast between the visualized fingermarks and the background surface i.e. thermal layer. The visualized fingermarks are qualified with high clarity and continuity of the friction ridges, and clarity of the 2nd level characteristics. The proposed method was evaluated by dactyloscopic comparison of the number of 2nd level characteristics and according to the results it can be exemplified with high identification capacity. The proposed method is simple, safe, cheap, non-destructive, non-time consuming, applicable for visualization of aged fingermarks, and potentially applicable under terrain (field) conditions in real forensic casework.
Introduction: Brain rate is parameter correlated to brain electric and metabolic activity. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the results obtained for brain rate parameter as an indicator for general mental arousal in anxious patients and to compare them with results of healthy young people matched in age and gender, as well as with anorectic and hyperactive children. Material and Methods: The diagnosis for all examinees was made according two statistic manuals (DMSIV-R and ICD-10), medical history, neuropsychological assessment, biochemical analysis and QEEG. In this study we examined the spectra power of the brain waves through quantified EEG (QEEG). The obtained results were exported to brain rate software and then calculated for each region separately. The QEEG spectra power data and the brain rate data were analyzed using Statistica software. Results: According to sagittal and lateral topography maximal values of brain rate parameter were obtained in group of healthy individuals and in group of anorectic patients. The lowest results were obtained in group of hyperactive children for all three regions. Conclusions: The general conclusion will be that pathological conditions in childhood, analyzed in this research, can be defined as conditions of hypoarausal and this can be specific sign of brain dysfunction.
Драмското творештво на Маџунков е податливо за толкување од многу аспекти, во зависност од тоа, што поставил во својот фокус на истражување истражувачот. Таа податливост е само доказ за повеќеслојноста на текстот и можноста, лупејќи ги горните слоеви на текстот, истражувачот да дојде до она потповршинското, каде што почиваат скриените значења на симболите и на претставите. Токму ова последното беше предизвик за нас, а секое подлабинско сондирање на книжевен текст неминовно нè води до соочување со митолошките претстави, кои, во суштина, се основа и на целокупната литература што ја создал човекот од своите прапочетоци до денес.