A new chemical method for visualization of latent fingermarks on thermal paper, based on a treatment with nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas, is presented in this work. The gas is generated by a reaction between zinc and diluted nitric acid in a closed chamber. This newly proposed method does not require fingermark’s fixation reagent after the treatment with NO2 i.e. the visualized fingermark remains permanent for more than one week and without any changes in its quality. The general visualization mechanism is based on providing acidic conditions in order to induce tautomeric transformation of the leuco dye’s molecules in the thermal layer, accompanied by a color change of the papillary lines throughout the whole fingermark. The NO2 method provides satisfactory contrast between the visualized fingermarks and the background surface i.e. thermal layer. The visualized fingermarks are qualified with high clarity and continuity of the friction ridges, and clarity of the 2nd level characteristics. The proposed method was evaluated by dactyloscopic comparison of the number of 2nd level characteristics and according to the results it can be exemplified with high identification capacity. The proposed method is simple, safe, cheap, non-destructive, non-time consuming, applicable for visualization of aged fingermarks, and potentially applicable under terrain (field) conditions in real forensic casework.
Introduction: Brain rate is parameter correlated to brain electric and metabolic activity. Aim: The aim of this study was to analyze the results obtained for brain rate parameter as an indicator for general mental arousal in anxious patients and to compare them with results of healthy young people matched in age and gender, as well as with anorectic and hyperactive children. Material and Methods: The diagnosis for all examinees was made according two statistic manuals (DMSIV-R and ICD-10), medical history, neuropsychological assessment, biochemical analysis and QEEG. In this study we examined the spectra power of the brain waves through quantified EEG (QEEG). The obtained results were exported to brain rate software and then calculated for each region separately. The QEEG spectra power data and the brain rate data were analyzed using Statistica software. Results: According to sagittal and lateral topography maximal values of brain rate parameter were obtained in group of healthy individuals and in group of anorectic patients. The lowest results were obtained in group of hyperactive children for all three regions. Conclusions: The general conclusion will be that pathological conditions in childhood, analyzed in this research, can be defined as conditions of hypoarausal and this can be specific sign of brain dysfunction.
Драмското творештво на Маџунков е податливо за толкување од многу аспекти, во зависност од тоа, што поставил во својот фокус на истражување истражувачот. Таа податливост е само доказ за повеќеслојноста на текстот и можноста, лупејќи ги горните слоеви на текстот, истражувачот да дојде до она потповршинското, каде што почиваат скриените значења на симболите и на претставите. Токму ова последното беше предизвик за нас, а секое подлабинско сондирање на книжевен текст неминовно нè води до соочување со митолошките претстави, кои, во суштина, се основа и на целокупната литература што ја создал човекот од своите прапочетоци до денес.
Научните истражувања за шаманизмот и неговите реликти неспорно доведоа до заклучокот дека дејствувањето на шаманите во древните цивилизации оставило длабока трага во современите обредни практики. Соочувањето и справувањето со невидливите сили на злото, заштитата на заедницата и нејзината егзистенција, биле врвен приоритет на нашите предци. Русалиските игри, кои се изведувале на територијата на Балканскиот Полуостров, денес не се среќаваат во нивната изворна форма. Но,во колективната меморија тие остануваат да постојат како обреди кои ги обединува една единствена цел: да се заштити заедницата од злото, да се обезбеди плодородие и здравје за болните. Обредните игри кои се практикувале со цел ослободување на човекот од демоните, несомнено се игри од шамански тип. Русалискиот обреден комплекс, кој некогаш бил нераскинливо врзан за скутот на македонската народна традиција, најдиректно е засведочен во записот на Кузман Шапкарев (1834 – 1909)во 1884 година.
The present study describes development of a non–enzymatic amperometric sensor for detection of H2O2 based on MnCO3 thin film electrodes. The film was deposited on electroconductive FTO coated glass substrates using simple chemical bath deposition method. The phase composition of the thin film was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical properties and the sensor sensitivity towards H2O2 were examined using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution with pH = 7.5. It was revealed that the sensing mechanism is based on electrocatalytic oxidation of H2O2, involving Mn species as redox mediators. According to the results, the best sensor response towards H2O2 was found at E = +0.25 V, with detection limit and sensor sensitivity of 10.0 µM and 2.64 µA cm–2 mM–1 (for the range of 0.09–1.8 mM), respectively, associated with R2 = 0.999.
BACKGROUND:
The clinical relevance of specimens from the lower airways is often debatable. However, they are most commonly examined for diagnosing lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs).
AIM:
This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of sputum quality assessment about sputum culture for diagnosing LRTIs in children.
METHODS:
In six months, a total of 1485 sputum samples were quality assessed by using Bartlett’s grading system. All samples, regardless of their quality, were cultured, identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion method.
RESULTS:
Among the acceptable category, defined by Bartlett’s grading system, 132 (63.2%) samples showed culture positivity of which Streptococcus pneumoniae 48 (36.4%) was most commonly isolated, followed by Moraxella catarrhalis 22 (16.7%) and Haemophilus influenza 21 (15.9%). Among the non-acceptable category, 185 (14.5%) samples were culture positive of which most commonly isolated were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 64 (34.6%), 54 (29.2%) and 28 (15.1%), respectively.
CONCLUSION:
Sputum quality assessment is a useful tool for distinguishing the true respiratory pathogens from possible colonising flora for which antibiotic treatment should not be highly considered.
Keywords: Sputum culture, Quality assessment, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli
Играле моми по месечина е книга што ја пополнува големата празнина кога говориме за македонскиот еротски фолклор. Знаејќи дека еротскиот нагон е она скриено жарче што тлее во секој еден потенцијален информатор, Котев многу умешно, со големо трпение, ги мотивира информаторите да се отворат и да го кажат сето она што го знаат.Сериозниот и суштински пристап кон елаборација на стожерните теми од македонскиот еротски фолклор е предизвик што го прифатиле големи авторитети пред нас. Да се проучува оној сегмент од фолклористиката кој дава најпрецизна слика за целокупниот општествен, економски, културен развој на едно општество, значи да се придонесе во исцртување на психолошкиот профил на човекот, кој со векови опстојува на оваа почва. Проучувањата на еротскиот фолклор во рамките на современите научни истражувања стануваат сè подлабоки и поактуелни, иако во минатото имало обиди тој да се премолчи или да се сведе на минимум неговото значење.
Competition law nowadays is becoming an increasingly important branch of law in the global society. The development of the global market, new technologies, and innovation requires a quick and effective response from the competition authorities in order to maintain effective competition on the market; thus to protect the consumers.
Competition law in the European Union has been a core competency since its foundation. The European Commission plays a central role in the development of competition policy and the enforcement of EU competition law. In order to protect effective competition in the single market, the Commission has faced the challenges of the dynamic market; thus responding quickly and effectively to the new conditions created by the development of industries, new technologies and global society.
In Macedonia, the development of competition is strongly influenced by the EU competition law. The entire competition law system is based on EU rules and standards.
This paper provides an analysis of national competition law vis-à-vis EU competition law, with a focus on merger control as one of the mechanisms for effective competition protection. Since there is a lack of academic discussion on the topic in Macedonia and in order to see where we stand and in which direction our national competition law goes, this paper will elaborate on competition policy and competition law in relation to merger control in particular.
In addition to the theoretical approach, the paper provides an analysis of merger control by the competition authorities in Macedonia and the European Union as well. This analysis provides an opportunity to draw conclusions and recommendations regarding the approach, policy and dedication to market mergers and acquisitions.
The European comparative perspective, both in terms of legislation and in its enforcement of competition law, provides relevant data on how much legislation is in place and in what direction merger control in Macedonia is going, in relation to EU merger control trends.
Finally, this paper makes a modest contribution to understanding the concept of protection from harmful concentrations, the level of development of competition law and competition policy in Macedonia.
The idea of the paper is to determine how the free legal aid system is an effective mechanism for ensuring equal access to justice for all citizens in the Republic of Macedonia. The paper includes an analysis of the existing system and an overview of the use and availability of free legal aid to those who need it. The right to access to justice is one of the fundamental human rights. The state is the one that has the main role in the realization of the obligation for respecting, protecting and exercising human rights, which involves the establishment of an efficient system of free legal aid. Such a system aims to ensure equal access of citizens to the institutions of the system. The right to free legal aid is provided by persons who, due to their material status, could not exercise the rights guaranteed by the Constitution and the law, without compromising their own maintenance and support of the members of their family living in a common household. Access to legal aid is part of the right to a fair trial, arising from Article 6 of the ECHR. Article 6 paragraph 3c on minimum rights in criminal cases ensures provision of free legal aid when the interests of justice so required. Hence, in addition to domestic legislation, the paper also analysies the international conventions that guarantee the right to access to justice and presents different approaches and practices for providing free legal aid. At the same time, it deals with defining the system's shortcomings in providing efficient and effective access to justice for all citizens.