This study expresses the criticism of recently enacted Law in determining the type and in measuring the severity of sentence. There is flagrant restriction of the free judicial belief due to the necessity in overcoming identified inconsistency in sentencing policy. The judicial system is not resistant to both internal and external pressures and influences. However, those problems cannot be overcome by massive fragmentation of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Macedonia, wide ranges of the sanctions, and by administrative proceedings in the determination of the sanction. New Macedonian law has created mandatory guidelines for every criminal offence by emphasizing previous conviction as the most important circumstances. This is contrary to several Council of Europe recommendations. The authors emphasise that the binding character of the sentencing guidelines should be avoided. According to them, only free judicial belief within the statutory penal framework can ensure the rule of the law and equity.
Despite the positive trends achieved in the last few years, high unemployment is still one of the worst indicators of the success of the applied macroeconomic and social policy of the state from independence until today. The indicators for the degree of unemployment among young people up to 29 years old (the age immediately after formal education) are particularly unfavorable. Unemployment in these years is one of the main reasons for young people leaving abroad. The motive is clear - employment is sought. The employment of young people in the homeland will reduce the trend of emigration, but it will also positively affect several segments of the socioeconomic life in the country.
To encourage the employment of young people from 15 to 29 years old, the state applies several measures and policies, and one of them is the subsidized employment of unemployed young people up to 29 years old through the regime of exemption from social contributions.
Encouraged by the initial results of this measure, the new Action Plan for the employment of young people for the period 2016-2020 foresees its extension. For now, this has not been translated into a specific legislative framework. The new Action Plan for the employment of young people for the period 2016-2020 (pages 26 and 33) provides for the extension of the measure after 2016 with the following parameters: planned employment of 3,000 people aged 15 to 29 and a budget in the amount of 2,040 .000 euros. The effects of the planned measures and policy for the employment of young people up to 29 years of age will depend on the successful implementation of the overall planned measures for the socioeconomic development of the country.
The subject of our interest is the measure for the subsidized employment of unemployed young people up to 29 years old through the form of exemption from paying contributions, by the defined legal provisions.
The subject analysis of costs and benefits aims to evaluate the costs and benefits of the implementation of the measure “Subsidized employment of unemployed young people up to 29 years old” through exemption from contributions.
The measure is part of the state's policy to reduce unemployment and is governed by provisions of the Law on Employment and Unemployment Insurance (Articles 98-b and 98-c), which have limited application from March 2014 to March 2016.
The analysis is structured in an introduction and eight main sections:
1. Trends
2. Legal framework
3. Terms and conditions for using the measure
4. Facts about the measure
5. Cost-benefit analysis
6. Qualitative analysis
7. Conclusion
8. Recommendations
This article presents a new safe, cheap and attractive microscale gas generation method that is expected to find place in the primary and secondary schools. Microscale gas generation apparatus consists of plastic syringe, Beral pipette and small plastic or glass test tube on a stand. The pipette has a role of a chemical reactor, which generatesgas and delivers it into a test tube where reaction takes place. Gas generation is based on chemical reaction between liquid substance, which is inserted with syringe and needle into the pipette bulb with liquid or solid substance previously placed in it. A large number of interesting and vivid microscale experiments can be performed using this kind of apparatus and many gases can be generated.
A new chemical bath method for deposition of manganese(II) carbonate thin film on electroconductive FTO glass substrates is designed. The homogeneous thin films with thickness in the range of 70 to 500 nm are deposited at about 98 °C from aqueous solution containing urea and MnCl2. The chemical process is based on a low temperature hydrolysis of the manganese complexes with urea. Three types of films are under consideration: as-deposited, annealed and electrochemically transformed thin films. The structure of the films is studied by XRD, IR and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical and optical properties are examined in eight different electrolytes (neutral and alkaline) and the best results are achieved in two component aqueous solution of 0.1 M KNO3 and 0.01 M KOH. It is established that the as-deposited MnCO3film undergoes electrochemically transformation into birnessite-type manganese(IV) oxide films, which exhibit electrochromic color changes (from bright brown to pale yellow and vice versa) with 30% difference in the transmittance of the colored and bleached state at 400 nm.